Griffith Hack Clean & Sustainable Technologies

I found this rather disturbing opinion piece at ABC online, by Julian Cribb, which links fossil fuel scarcity, particularly natural gas, with a decline in agricultural output.  A lot of emphasis has been placed on substituting natural gas for coal because it is a cleaner fuel with lower carbon emissions, but are we burning our agricultural future?  This is an area we definitely need some cleanip! – Justin Blows

In all the debate over the Gorgon gas deal with China there has been not a whisper of discussion of the issue most vital to Australia’s – and the entire world’s – future.

Nowadays not many people seem aware that nearly everything they eat and most of what they drink is produced using nitrogen fertilisers. And nitrogen fertilisers are almost entirely made using natural gas.

Indeed half the world’s people would not be here today were it not for the tripling in global food production achieved largely through the use of this invaluable petrochemical byproduct. Admirers of Brillat-Savarin might plausibly contend the present human race is mostly made of gas.

Today’s high-yielding food crops, to a very great degree, depend on high levels of applied nitrogen: without it, yields collapse. Since the Green Revolution the entire world food supply has become more and more critically reliant on this input.

However, worldwide, natural gas reserves are running out just as quickly as oil which, presumably, is why China wishes to secure such a long term contract for gas from Australia and no doubt many other suppliers.

Last month the International Energy Agency’s chief economist Dr Fatih Birol told Britain’s The Independent newspaper that world oil production will peak within 10 years. The average rate of decline in the world’s 800 major oilfields is now 6.7 per cent a year – almost double what it was two years ago. “One day we will run out of oil. It will not be today or tomorrow, but one day we will run out of oil and we have to leave oil before oil leaves us. We have to prepare ourselves for that day,” he said.

A similar story, though far less well advertised, applies to natural gas which, within a few years of oil, will also reach its peak and start to decline. According to the International Fertilizer Industry Association, natural gas currently furnishes feedstock for 97 per cent of the world’s ammonia-based fertilisers. As gas output dwindles these will become increasingly scarce and unaffordable to most farmers, Australia’s included.

Unless an inexpensive replacement source of ammonia (or hydrogen) for making fertiliser is found, then quite simply, global food output will progressively revert towards what it was in the 1960s, around a third of what we enjoy today. Those who are tempted to deride this statement can easily test the proposition in the privacy of their own back yard or balcony by growing one lettuce or tomato plant in plain sand with a standard N fertiliser, and one without.

In the 1960s we only had three billion mouths to feed (one billion of them actually starving). By the time the gas runs low and global food supplies start their downward plummet, there will be eight billion humans on the planet. According to UN population forecasts this number will be reached in 2025.

Furthermore about five billion of these people will live in cities. Unlike the 1960s, most will have not the slightest capacity or knowledge of how to produce their own food.

A compounding factor is that more and more of the world’s nitrogen fertilisers are already being used to grow biofuels of various kinds – from grain ethanol through to specialist diesel crops and even algae. Biofuels, however green they may be depicted, often use quite high inputs of dwindling fossil energy – and compete against food crops for these. In other words the more crop biofuels we burn in vehicles, the quicker we will exhaust the world’s nitrogen fertiliser supplies, and the faster will food crop yields decline.

Added to these problems is the fact that artificial fertilisers are gradually and, in some cases irreversibly, polluting and changing the biosphere. Human activity currently injects around 150 million tonnes more nitrogen and 10 million tonnes more phosphorus into water and soil than a century ago, significantly disrupting the natural global cycles of these two elements. There is mounting evidence that both aquatic and terrestrial systems are becoming seriously damaged – the plainest sign being the conversion of rivers, lakes and seas from clear to turbid systems, favouring algae over all other forms of life. Scientists consider that over-pollution by nutrients led to the anoxic conditions which resulted in mass ocean extinctions in the past.

There are alternatives to natural gas, of course. Recycling sewage and urban organic waste is one option. Increasing legume rotations, manuring or genetically engineering crops which fix nitrogen from the air are others. But they are either much more expensive, riskier from a health perspective, unproven or else produce far less food than the current gas-based N fertiliser system. Many of them, indeed, are the same systems our great grandparents used to grow food over a hundred years ago when there were fewer than a billion people to feed.

Today’s governments are a long, long way from even asking themselves how they are going to replace the missing fertilisers on a scale sufficient to nourish the human race. One suspects the matter has not even entered their heads.

Except perhaps in China. There the spectre of past famine still haunts and the ageing rulers are uneasily mindful of the consequences both for their people – and for themselves. Clearly anticipating shortages, the Chinese have been chasing natural gas import contracts as far as 40 and 50 years into the future. Sure, they need the natural gas for industry. But they also need it for food – and there is unlikely to be much argument over which comes first.

In the coming 40 years the issue of nutrient availability will be one of the principle determinants of the fate of the human race in this century. It is high time we started thinking about it.

A couple of decades from now Australians will wake up to find that, besides selling a heap of gas, we have also sold the primary means of food production, both our own and the world’s.

Makes you wonder who China will feed first.